Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kūlana kaiapuni kūikawā o nā motika i ʻelua mau māhele nui e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā kumu kaiapuni: nā kaiapuni aniau kūlohelohe a me nā kaiapuni ʻoihana. ʻO nā kaiapuni aniau kūlohelohe e pili nui ana i nā kaiapuni tropical, moana, anu, lalo o ka honua a me nā kaiapuni plateau; ʻo nā kaiapuni ʻoihana e pili nui ana i nā kaiapuni ʻino, nā kaiapuni pahū, nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa, nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā haʻahaʻa, nā ʻāpana paʻa a me ka lepo, ka radiation ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me nā ukana mīkini kūikawā, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka mana o nā kaiapuni kūikawā ma ka insulation motika.
Ka hopena o ka mahana
Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana ambient e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka mīkini, emi iho kona mana hoʻopuka. ʻO ka hopena ikaika o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me nā kukuna ultraviolet e hoʻolalelale i ka ʻelemakule ʻana o nā mea insulating. Ma nā wahi maloʻo a wela, hāʻule ka haʻahaʻa pili i kekahi manawa i 3%. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me ka maloʻo e hoʻomaloʻo ai i nā mea insulating, ʻāwili, hoʻololi a nahā. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana e hoʻoulu ai i ka nalowale ʻana o ka hui ipu. ʻO ka mahana haʻahaʻa e hoʻopaʻakikī ai i ka laholio a me ka plastic, lilo i mea palupalu a nahā, a hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻaila lubricating a me ka coolant e hoʻopaʻa.
Ka hopena o ka makū kiʻekiʻe a me ka makū
Hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka haʻahaʻa ke hana i nā ʻili wai ma luna o ka ʻili. Ke ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o 95%, hoʻopili pinepine nā kulu wai i loko o ke kaʻa, kahi e maʻalahi ai nā ʻāpana metala i ka popo, hiki i ka momona lubricating ke komo i ka makū a me ka palaho, a hiki i kekahi mau mea insulating ke pehu ma muli o ka komo ʻana o ka makū a i ʻole ka palupalu a me ka pipili. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka hana mechanical a me ka uila, a he nui ka pilikia o ka haki ʻana o ka insulation a me ka flashover o ka ʻili.
Ka mana o ka ʻōpala
I loko o kahi kaiapuni wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka makū kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpala. Hiki i nā mea huna o ka ʻōpala ke hōʻino i nā metala a me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale, e hoʻoulu ai i ka pale ʻana e ʻelemakule koke a alakaʻi i nā ulia pōpilikia pōkole.
Lepo a me nā ʻāpana one
ʻO ka lepo (me ka lepo ʻoihana) e pili ana i nā ʻāpana me nā anawaena mai 1 a 150 micrometers; ʻo ka lepo one e pili ana i nā ʻāpana quartz me nā anawaena mai 10 a 1000 micrometers. Ke hōʻiliʻili ka lepo a me nā waihona one ma luna o ka ʻili insulation, e hoʻemi lākou i ka hana insulation uila ma muli o ka omo ʻana o ka makū, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lepo conductive e hoʻoulu ai i ka leakage insulation a i ʻole nā ulia kaapuni pōkole. ʻO nā lepo corrosive acidic a me alkaline e maʻalahi i ka deliquescence, a laila e hoʻoulu ai i ka pala o nā ʻāpana metala a me nā ʻāpana insulating. Ke komo ka lepo a me ke one i loko o ka motika, hiki ke hana i nā hemahema mechanical a me ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o nā ʻāpana. Inā nui ka nui, e pani ia i ka duct ea a hoʻopilikia i ka ea a me ka hoʻopuehu wela. No laila, no nā motika i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā wahi lepo ʻoihana a me nā wahi one-lepo waho, pono e hana i nā hana e pale aku ai i ke one a me ka lepo.
Ka mana o ka pīpī paʻakai
Ke pā mai nā ʻale ʻino o ke kai i ke kahakai pōhaku, pīpī nā kulu wai a lilo i noe a komo i ka lewa. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana wai chloride i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa he noe paʻakai. Hoʻokumu ka noe paʻakai i kahi electrolyte ma luna o nā ʻili insulating a me nā metala, e hoʻolalelale ana i ke kaʻina hana corrosion a hoʻopilikia nui i ka hana insulation. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka corona a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke au leakage.
Nā pōʻino o nā pepeke a me nā mea ola liʻiliʻi
Ma nā wahi wela, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e nā pepeke a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, kūkulu lākou i nā pūnana i loko o nā mīkini uila a waiho i nā kupapaʻu, e hana ana i nā ālai mechanical; ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, nahu lākou i ka insulation a hoʻopau paha i nā mea insulation, e hopena ana i nā hewa pōkole. ʻOi loa aku, ʻo nā nalo, nā ʻanuʻu ʻai lāʻau, nā ʻiole, a me nā nahesa nā mea ʻino loa.
Kinoea ʻino
Ma nā kahua hana o ka ʻoihana kemika (me nā lua, nā mea hoʻouluulu, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka laholio, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), aia ka nui o nā kinoea e like me ka chlorine, hydrogen chloride, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi ko lākou pala i ka ea maloʻo (me ka pae hoʻohuihui kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o 70%), e hana lākou i nā aerosol corrosive acidic a alkaline paha i ka ea humid. Ma ke ʻano laulā, i ka wā ʻaʻole i hiki ka saturation o ka haumākū o ka ea a aia ka condensation ma ka ʻili o ka huahana, e wikiwiki loa ka pala o nā ʻāpana metala a me nā ʻāpana a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka hana insulation. No laila, ʻo ka hopena o nā kinoea corrosive i nā huahana kaʻa e pili ana i ka haumākū o ka ea, ke ʻano a me ka nui o nā kinoea corrosive.
Kaomi barometric
Ma nā wahi kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 1000 mika), ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ea i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe, hoʻopilikia ia i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka motika a me ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻopuka. E emi pū ka uila hoʻomaka o ka corona i loko o nā motika voltage kiʻekiʻe. Inā hana ka motika me ka corona no ka manawa lōʻihi, e hoʻopilikia ia i ke ola lawelawe a me ka hana palekana o ka motika. Eia kekahi, he hopena koʻikoʻi nā loli i ke kiʻekiʻe i ka commutation DC a me ka ʻaʻahu palaki. I nā lewa nele i ka makū a me ka oxygen (ʻoi aku ka makū), lohi ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni keleawe oxide ma ka ʻili commutation, ʻaʻole hiki ke kaulike me ka ʻaʻahu, a laila e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka commutation a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu palaki.
Ikaika kiʻekiʻe
Hiki i nā kukuna ikehu kiʻekiʻe (e like me nā electrons, protons a i ʻole nā kukuna Y mai ka radiation nuklea) ke hoʻololi i nā ʻātoma o kahi mea, e hopena ana i nā hemahema lattice a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā hui atomic vacancy-gap, a laila e hōʻino ai i ka radiation i ke ʻano o ka mea. Eia kekahi, ke hōʻike ʻia kahi mea i ka radiation, hoʻokaʻawale nā electrons mai ko lākou mau orbits, e hana ana i nā hui hole-electron, kahi e hoʻolilo ai i ka mea i maʻalahi i ka ionization. ʻO ka hopena o ka radiation ma nā mea insulating e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka radiation (i hōʻike ʻia ma ka nui o ka dose a i ʻole ka waiwai dose cumulative), ka spectrum ikehu o ka radiation, nā waiwai o ka mea insulating irradiated, a me ka mahana o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka radiation ke kumu nui o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā mea insulating. I waena o lākou, ʻoi aku ka pilikia o nā waiwai mechanical o nā mea insulating organik. ʻO ka nui o ka radiation i ʻae ʻia no nā mea insulating he 10 roentgens. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻē ʻana o nā mea insulating inorganic, e like me ka quartz a me ka mica, hiki ke ʻae i kahi nui o ka radiation i ʻae ʻia ma mua o 10 roentgens.
Ka ikaika mīkini
Hiki i nā ukana kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ka hopena a me ka haʻalulu ke hana maʻalahi i ka hōʻino mechanical i nā ʻāpana metala a me nā ʻano insulation o ka motika.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-12-2025